Hagaha bilowga ah ee 7 mitir socodka caadiga ah iyo tabaha xulashada

Cabbirka socodka ma aha oo kaliya faahfaahin farsamo; waa garaaca hababka warshadaha, hubinta badbaadada, saxnaanta, iyo kaydinta kharashka. Iyadoo in ka badan 100 nooc oo ahmitir socodkaDaadadka suuqa maanta, xulashada mid leh saamiga ugu waxtarka iyo qiimaha ugu fiican waxay dareemi kartaa xad dhaaf ah. Hagahan waxa uu sahaminayaa fikrado muhiim ah oo ku saabsan qalabaynta socodka, isaga oo kaa caawinaya in aad si kalsooni leh ugu dhex socoto doorashooyinka. Haddi aad tahay injineer hagaajinaya dhuumaha ama miisaaniyada maamule ee cusboonaysiinta, aynu dhex galno waxyaabaha daruuriga ah ee noocyada mitirka socodka, xooggooda, iyo talooyinka wax ku oolka ah ee xulashada.

Fahamka mitirka socodka: Maxay muhiim ugu yihiin Automation-ka Warshadaha

Socodkaheerkaishalbeeg aasaasi ah oo wax soo saarka warshadaha, xakameynaya wax walba laga bilaabo falcelinta kiimikada ilaa qaybinta tamarta. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, tignoolajiyada cadaadiska kala duwani waxay haysay 80% saamiga suuqa, laakiin hal-abuurnimadu tan iyo markaas waxay soo bandhigtay doorashooyin ka xariifsan oo badan. Maanta,doorashada socodkamitirku lug lehdheellitirka arrimaha sida nooca dareeraha, xaaladaha hawlgalka, baahida saxda ah, iyo miisaaniyadda. Laga soo bilaabo nidaamyada hawlgelinta ee deegaannada qallafsan, sida weelasha saliidda ee xeebaha ama qolalka nadiifka ah ee dawooyinka, furuhu waxa uu isbarbar dhigayaa sifooyinka mitirka iyo codsigaaga gaarka ah si aad uga fogaato hoos u dhaca iyo akhrinta khaldan.

Boostada ayaa sahamin doonta todobada qaybood ee ugu waaweyn ee mitirka socodka sida caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo warshadaha, iyada oo muujinaysa sifooyinkooda, faa'iidooyinkooda, khasaarahooda, iyo codsiyada noocyada kala duwan. Kaliya lasoco si aad u barato farsamooyinka lagu sharaxay doorashada mitirka socodka!

1. Mitirrada Socodka Cadaadiska Kala Duwan: Faraska Shaqada la isku halleyn karo

Cadaadis kala duwancabbiridharaytignoolajiyada socodka ugu ballaadhan ee la dabaqay, oo awood u leh in ay wax ka qabato dareeraha hal-waji ah oo ku jira xaalado kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan heerkul sare iyo cadaadisyo. Waqtigeedii wacnaa ee 1970-yadii, waxay qabsatay 80% suuqa sabab macquul ah. Mitiryadani waxay caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin aaladda cuncunaysa (sida saxan birfice ah, nozzle, tuubbada Pitot, ama tuubada Pitot celceliska) oo lagu lammaaniyay gudbiye.

Aaladda ceejinta ayaa ciriiri gelisa qulqulka dareeraha, taasoo abuureysa kala duwanaansho cadaadis xagga kor iyo hoosba taasoo u dhiganta heerka socodka. Taarikada Orifice ayaa ah ikhtiyaarka ugu habboon ee fududaanta iyo fududaynta rakibidda. Ilaa iyo inta la soo saaray oo lagu rakibay halbeeg kasta (ka fikir ISO 5167), waxay soo bandhigaan cabbirro la isku halleyn karo iyaga oo aan u baahnayn cabbirka socodka dhabta ah laakiin kaliya kormeer degdeg ah.

Taasi waxay tidhi, dhammaan aaladaha cuncunka waxay soo bandhigaan luminta cadaadiska joogtada ah. Saxan fiiqan oo fiiqan ayaa lumin kara 25-40% cadaadiska kala duwan ee ugu sarreeya, kaas oo ku kordhinaya kharashka tamarta ee hawlaha baaxadda leh. Tuubooyinka Pitot, dhinaca kale, waxay leeyihiin khasaare aan la taaban karin, laakiin waxay u nugul yihiin isbeddelka muuqaalka socodka, iyada oo la tixgelinayo in qalalaasuhu uu carqaladayn karo akhrintooda.

Warshada batroolka kiimikada, hawl-wadeenadu waxay ku beddeleen taargooyin duugoobay tuubooyinka Venturi si ay u yareeyaan hoos u dhaca cadaadiska, taasoo keentay hoos u dhac 15% isticmaalka tamarta bamka. Sidaa darteed, marka aad wax ka qabanayso dareerayaasha viscous ama slurries, waxa macno leh in la tixgeliyo celceliska tuubooyinka Pitot si ay u saxan yihiin socodka aan sinnayn. Waxa mudan in la xuso waa in had iyo jeer la hubiyo ugu yaraan 10-20 dhexroor tuubo oo toos ah oo kor u socda si loo dejiyo astaanta socodka, ama hawlwadeenada ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku xayiran yihiin madax-xanuun cabbirid.

2. Mitirrada socodka aagga isbedbeddelaya: Fududnaanta waxay la kulantaa wax-ku-oolnimada

Therotameter astaanta u ah ayaa ka dhiganmitirka socodka bedbeddelka aagga, halkaasoo sabayn ay ka kacdo tuubo duuban oo u dhiganta heerka socodka. Faa'iidooyinkooda muuqda? Akhrinta tooska ah, ee goobta iyada oo aan lahayn awood dibadeed, taas oo ku habboon hubinta degdega ah ee goobta.

Kuwani waxay ku yimaadaan laba dhadhan oo waaweyn: rotameters tube galaas ah oo loogu talagalay jawiga, warbaahinta aan daxalka ahayn sida hawada, gaaska, ama argon, oo bixiya muuqaal cad iyo akhris sahlan;iyobirahatuuborotameterversionsoo leh tilmaameyaal birlab ah oo loogu talagalay xaaladaha heerkulka-sare ama cadaadiska sarreeya. Midka dambe wuxuu soo saari karaa calaamadaha is-dhexgalkalehduubayaashaorisugeeyayaasha.

Kala duwanaanshaha casriga ah waxaa ka mid ah nashqadaha koofiyadaha ee gu'gu raray oo aan lahayn qolal kondensate ah, ku faanaya saamiga 100: 1 leexinta iyo soo saarista toosan, oo ku habboon cabbirka uumiga.

Markaad ka hadlaysid codsiyada ballaadhan, rotameters badan ayaa la doortaa in la geeyo goobaha shaybaadhka ee isku dhafka gaaska, taas oo badbaadisa kharashka fiilooyinka iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay shuruudaha awood la'aanta. Laakin ka fiirsashada gariirada, rotameter-yadu waxay sababi karaan qulqul sabeyn iyo akhrin been ah. Dib u cusboonaysiinta warshadaynta, tusaale ahaan, moodooyinka tubbada birta ah waxay qabtaan qulqulka wort kulul, oo kordhinaya nolosha adeegga saddex laab, halka noocyada muraayadaha gaashaaman ee leh dahaarka PTFE ay yihiin xulasho miisaaniyad-saaxiibtinimo ah, laakiin hawl-wadeenadu waxay u baahan yihiin inay cabbiraan sannadkii si ay u ilaaliyaan 1-2% saxsanaanta.

3. Mitirrada socodka Vortex: Oscillation for Precision

Mitirrada Vortex, Tusaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee noocyada oscillatory, dhig jidhka bluff ee jidka socodka, taas oo dhalinaysa wareegyada beddelka ah ee soo noqnoqda oo xiriir la leh xawaaraha. Ma jiraan qaybo dhaqaaqa macnaheedu waa ku celin heersare ah, cimri dherer, iyo dayactir yar.

Haysashada faa'iidooyinka sida kala duwanaansho toosan oo ballaadhan, difaaca heerkulka, cadaadiska, cufnaanta, ama isbeddellada viscosity, luminta cadaadiska hooseeya, iyo saxnaanta sare (0.5-1%), mitirka socodka vortex-ku waxay qabtaan ilaa 300 ° C iyo 30 MPa, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo ku habboon gaasaska, dareeraha, iyo uumiga.

Habka dareemada ee mitirka socodka vortexku way ku kala duwan yihiin dhexdhexaad: dareemayaasha piezoelectric waxay ku fiican yihiin uumiga, kulaylka ama dareemayaasha ultrasonic waxay ku habboon yihiin hawada, iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan fursadaha dareenka waxay u shaqeeyaan biyaha. Si la mid ah taarikada loo yaqaan 'orifice', isugeynta socodka waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa cabbirka mitirka.

Mashruuca dhuumaha gaaska dabiiciga ah, mitirka vortex-ku waxay ka sarreeyaan marawaxadaha qulqulka qulqulaya, yaraynta khaladaadka min 5% ilaa 1%. Waxay u nugul yihiin rakibidda, taas oo hubinaysa socodka tooska ah oo ka fogaanaya u dhawaanshaha valves. Marka ay timaaddo isbeddellada soo baxaya, mitirka vortex-ka wireless-ka ee nolosha batari ilaa 10 sano ah ee goobaha fogfog.

4. Mitirrada Socodka Electromagnetic: Dheecaannada Wanaagsan ee Saaxiibka ugu Wanaagsan

Mitirrada korantada, ama mag mitir, waxay ka faa'iidaystaan ​​sharciga Faraday, kaas oo u socda sidan: dareerayaasha wax ka gooya ee ku dhex gooya goobta magnetka waxay keenaan koronto u dhiganta socodka. Ku xaddidan warbaahinta socodsiinta, mitiradan ma saameeyaan heerkulka, cadaadiska, cufnaanta, ama viscosity - aragti ahaan, ugu yaraan - oo leh 100: 1 hoos u dhac iyo 0.5% sax ah. Cabbirrada tuubooyinka waxay u dhexeeyaan 2mm ilaa 3m, biyaha ku habboon, slurries, saxarada, ama daxalka.

Mitirrada socodka korantada ayaa soo saara calaamado daciif ah (2.5-8 mV oo miisaan buuxa ah), sidaas darteed samaynta gaashaanka saxda ah iyo dhulka ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah in laga fogaado faragelinta matoorada.

Mitirrada qulqulka korantada ayaa aad ugu sarreeya dhirta lagu daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah, iyagoo si la isku halleyn karo u cabbiraya dareeraha wasakhaysan sida slurries oo aan xidhnayn. Si ka duwan mitirka makaanikada, mitirada maggu ma laha qaybo dhaqaaqa. Dheecaannada wasakhaysan, sida biyaha wasakhda ah ee aysiidhka ah, u cusboonaysiinta mitirka magdhawga leh ee PFA waxay yarayn kartaa baahida dayactirka ilaa 50% sida lagu arkay dib-u-habayn warshadeed ee dhowaan. Intaa waxaa dheer, mitirka batteriga ku shaqeeya ayaa helaya soo jiidashada cabbiraadda biyaha fog, iyagoo siinaya dabacsanaan meelaha ka-baxsan iyadoo la ilaalinayo isku halaynta aan xidhnayn.

5. Mitirrada socodka Ultrasonic: Hal-abuurnimo aan faragelin lahayn

socodka Ultrasonicmitirkaalaylaba nooc oo asaasi ah: Doppler iyo time-of-light (TOF).Dopplermitircabbirsocodka iyadoo la ogaanayo inta jeer ee wareegyada ka imanaya qaybaha laalan, taasoo ka dhigaysa kuwo ku habboon xawaaraha sare, dareeraha wasakhaysan sida slurries, laakiin waxtar yar u leh xawaaraha hooseeya ama dusha tuubooyinka qallafsan.

Mitirrada TOF, kuwaas oo xisaabiya socodka ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha wakhtiga hirarka ultrasonic ee ku socda socodka iyo ka soo horjeeda socodka, waxay ku fiican yihiin dareeraha nadiifka ah, isku midka ah sida biyaha, oo u baahan qalab elektaroonig ah oo sax ah. Naqshado badan oo TOF ah ayaa kor u qaadaya waxqabadka qulqulka qulqulaya, iyagoo siinaya isku halleyn weyn oo nidaamyada adag.

Nidaamka biyaha la qaboojiyey ee dib-u-habaynta, isku dhejinta TOF ultrasonic mitir ayaa badbaadisay kumanaan iyada oo meesha ka saartay baahida tuubooyinka goynta ama xidhidhiyaha, gaaritaanka saxnaanta 1% ee cabbirka habboon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xumbooyinka hawada ama dahaarka tuubooyinka ayaa carqaladayn kara akhrinta, markaa qiimaynta goobta oo dhamaystiran waa muhiim. Hantidhawrka goobta, unugyada ultrasonic la qaadi karo waa kuwo qiimo leh, oo bixiya baaritaan degdeg ah iyada oo aan nidaamka hoos loo dhigin.

6. Mitirrada socodka marawaxadaha: Xawaaraha iyo saxnaanta dhaqdhaqaaqa

socodka marawaxadahamitir hawlgeliMarka la eego mabda'a ilaalinta xawaaraha, halkaasoo socodka dareeraha uu ku wareego rotor, iyo xawaaraha rotor-ku si toos ah ula xidhiidho heerka socodka. Mitirradani waxay ku badan yihiin codsiyada u baahan saxnaanta sare, oo leh nashqado gaas-gaar ah oo leh xaglo yar yar iyo daabyo badan si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka dareerayaasha cufnaanta hoose. Waxay bixiyaan saxsanaan gaar ah (0.2-0.5%, ama 0.1% kiisaska khaaska ah), 10: 1 saamiga hoos u dhigida, luminta cadaadiska hooseeya, iyo waxqabadka adag ee cadaadiska sare, laakiin waxay u baahan yihiin dareere nadiif ah iyo tuubo toosan oo ku filan si looga fogaado khaladaadka qaska keenay.

Nidaamka shidaalka duulista,socodka marawaxadahamitirla hubiyaysaxnaanta saxda ah ee wareejinta haynta, oo muhiim u ah saxnaanta biilasha. Cabbirrada dhalooyinka yaryar waxay kordhiyaan dareenka cufnaanta dareeraha iyo viscosity, markaa sifaynta adag ee hore waa qasab si looga hortago khaladaadka la xidhiidha qashinka. Naqshado isku-dhafan oo leh magnetic pickups ayaa wanaajiyay isku halaynta iyagoo yareynaya xirashada farsamada.

7. Mitirrada socodka barokaca ee togan: Saxnaanta mugga

Mitirrada qulqulka barokaca ee togan waxay cabbiraan socodka iyagoo dabinaya oo beddelaya mugga dareeraha go'an ee wareeg kasta, iyadoo la adeegsanayo naqshadaha sida gear oval, piston rotary, ama noocyada xoqidda. Mitirrada gear oval-ka ah waxay bixiyaan 20:1 saamiga leexashada iyo saxnaanta sare (sida caadiga ah 0.5% ama ka wanaagsan) laakiin waxay u nugul yihiin inay ka soo baxaan burburka dareeraha. Mitirrada piston-ka rotary ayaa aad ugu fiican maaraynta mugga waaweyn, in kasta oo nashqaddoodu ay oggolaan karto wax yar oo dareere ah, taasoo saamaynaysa saxnaanta xaaladaha socodka hooseeya.

Aanay saameynin viscosity dareeraha, mitirka PD waxay ku fiican yihiin dareeraha sida saliidaha iyo biyaha, laakiin kuma habboona gaasaska ama uumiga sababtoo ah habka mugga leh.

Warshada warshadaynta cuntada, mitirka PD, gaar ahaan noocyada gear oval, ayaa muhiim u ahaa qiyaasta saxda ah ee sharoobada viscous, hubinta tayada badeecada oo joogto ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, burburka sharoobada aan la sifeynin ayaa sababay saxmad mararka qaarkood, taas oo hoosta ka xariiqaysa baahida loo qabo nidaamyada sifeynta adag. Naqshadeynta goobta nadiifka ah (CIP) waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigtay waqtiga dhimista iyadoo la fududeynayo dayactirka, beddelka ciyaarta ee khadadka wax-soo-saarka sare leh.

Doorashada mitirka socodka saxda ah: Talooyinka khabiirka ee guusha

Doorashada mitirka socodka saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah hagaajinta hababka warshadaha, maadaama uusan jirin hal mitir oo ku habboon codsi kasta. Si aad u samayso doorasho xog ogaal ah, qiimee qodobbada muhiimka ah: sifooyinka dareeraha (tusaale, viscosity, corrosiveness, or particulate content), kala duwanaanshaha socodka (qiimaha ugu yar iyo kan ugu badan), saxnaanta loo baahan yahay (laga bilaabo 0.1% wareejinta haynta ilaa 2% ee kormeerka guud), caqabadaha rakibaadda (sida cabbirka tuubada, shuruudaha toosan, ama xaddidaadaha iibsiga boosaska), iyo wadarta qiimaha lahaanshaha, rakibida, dayactirka.

Adigoo si nidaamsan u miisaamaya arrimahan marka loo eego baahiyaha nidaamkaaga, sida ugu habboon ee tijaabada tijaabada ah ama la talinta iibiyeyaasha, waxaad dooran kartaa mitir isku dheelitiraya waxqabadka iyo miisaaniyadda.